1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  

(   )
 :    : 75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.           
2. (a)        
()         ?
-
3.     .        

4.             
-
5.          
2
Easy2Siksha
6.           
-
7.     ,      
8.              ' 1    
  14         - 13    
  
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  

(   )
 :    : 75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.           
:     
       ,      
               
       
1.    
             

              
                
-    
 ,           
2.    
        :
1.   ()
2. 
3. 
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Easy2Siksha
2.1   ()
 ,      ,          , 
    ()         , 
,  ,  -       
  
:          
      
 
:     ,   ( )
  ( )     
              
          
2.2 
    -        ( )
              
    
 ,        
    
:      ,     
         
:            
       ( )   
   
2.3 
       ,          
          (    )
   (           )   
 :             
            
              
 (   )   (   )
  
  :             
             
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Easy2Siksha
 :       ,    
   
       
            
3.   :   
              
        :
3.1  :  
      ( ,  )    ,  
              
       ()     
1.   :       
  , 
   -70mV             
    (  '   )     
2. :     ,  (Na+)   ,
             
  
 ,      
3.  :         , 
       -- 
  -    ' 
  ,      
4.  :   ,  (+)   , 
         ,   
    
5.  :          , 
       
     
  
      
3.2  :   
   ',       (
)      
1. Neurotransmitters  :        ,
    (   )  
              
2.   :        
   '          
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Easy2Siksha
     ( )        
    ( )
3. /:         ,   
             
     
4.   
      ,       :
1.  :    (  , ,  ) 
           ,   ,
       
2.  :             
,          
3. :          
           
5.  :  
       ,    
   (
)     
 :
: -       ,  
  ,      
:      ,     
 
   :  
    
 ,     
Ependymal :          
  
6.  :   
          ,     
  .        ,  
 
               , 
  ,        ,  :
'  :         .
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Easy2Siksha
 :        ,  
    
:        ,    

7.    
       ,         
  :

      ,       
     ,   ,      , 
    ,          
        -     , 

               
         -   
,               
    -         
       ,         
-      
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2. (a)        
()         ?
:     
1.   
     ,       (   ) 
                  
                  ,
    
 
     ""    

       ,       
           ,    
             

  , ,        
 ,          
   , 
     ,   
  ,    
   
2.   
Synapses   '       :
 
 
a)  
           .   , 
  '     
  ,     
               , 
      
:       
    
  
 
:      ,     
     
:    '         
       ,       
      ,        
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b)  
           ,    '
 
    ,          
    ,           
               ,  
            
          '    ,  
    
 
:        
 
,       
:      ' -  , -
 ( )  -  (  ) 
:   ,     ()
         
: -       ' - 
   ,       , 
       ,       , 
       
    
       
;      
             
  
1.    
            
  ,
                
                  
'     
:             
    
       '  -70
 (mV)  
    :        (  ) 
          
o   ,        (
 , K+,     )
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o   ,        (
 , Na+)
         
       
 ,             
- :-         
             
             
    
2.  
         ,      

                  
       
:             
             ,  
           
    :
o         (     )
    ,          , 
   (Na+)        
o            

         
o          (  '  -55 mV)
'   ,        
o            
o      ,    ,   
 (K+)          
      ,     
 
o   '         (
   )       
 
-- 
:    --     
    ,          
11
Easy2Siksha
,    
         
;        

 :    ,       
      ,       
    
          
   
     
              
     '           
,      
,     ,  
     
   ,      
  ,      
 

 ,           
     ,         : 
(  )   (   )      
             
       ,       
         ,     
         
 
-
3.     .        

:  :   
1.    -
     ()          
    -    
   -  (  )
   (  )    ,      
     
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Easy2Siksha
        :
   (CNS)
   (PNS)
            
2.    
   (CNS)
CNS   :
:      ,     
       
  :             
     
CNS               
               ,
  ,     ,     
   (PNS)
PNS                 
  :
   (SNS):-      
           ,
         
   (ANS):      
        :
o   :   (--
)       
o   :       
(-- )    
 
, CNS  PNS           
 
3. :   
               
       (    )  ,    
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Easy2Siksha
 (  )          
 
 
  
             , 
            
         ,  -    
 
       :
 :      ,      
         
 :    ,       
   
 :    ,      
 
 
              :
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Easy2Siksha
  
            :
1.     :      
           ( )   
()         
     
 ( 37°C  98.6°F)   
2.    :      
            
    
  
 ,      ,   '  
                 
         
3.     (- ):   " "
      
-     
  
 ,           

    
     
4.    :         
          
  ,   " "   ,     
  -    
      :
o -  (CRH):     
   ,         
o -  (GnRH):  (LH)  follicle-
stimulating  (FSH)        ,
          
o -  (TRH):     
 ,     
5.    :     ,  ,
,           
          
6.    (ANS):    
    ,    , ,     
           
 ,    ()       
         ()
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Easy2Siksha
7.      :    
              
,        
4.      

        ,     
              
  :
 :         ,  
 , 
 ,    ,    
 
 :  ,   '    ,
        
 :         
 ,          
 
5. 
     '         ,
,            ,
  ,       ,       
          
    
             

          , 
 
                
 
4.             
:       
   (ANS)            
       , ,   ,      
              '
  ,      ANS          ,
16
Easy2Siksha
    ,  -    ,    
  
  , 
       , 
  ,           
       ,     ,      
 

     
         :
1.    (SNS)
2.    (PNS)
     '    ,        
()    "  "    ,  
  "  "    
1.     
ANS     ( )           
   -    ,   , , ,    
              
,               
   (SNS)
        ,  (   )  
(  )     
       :    
      (CNS)    -   
    
,       ,         
      
  
   (PNS)
        (     ) 
 
   ,        ,
          
17
Easy2Siksha
       ,      
 
    
2.     
ANS            
              
             
    :
    
,              
  "  "      
   
18
Easy2Siksha
 ,              
 :
1.    
 :SNS    ,      
            , 
  
 
2.  
 :SNS        ,
            
    
3.    :    (  ) 
 , 
        
4.     :    ,   
 ,
 SNS      ,        

5.   
 :SNS      ,   

 ,   
          
6.     :        
     
7.    :       ,   
         
    
       ,     
  :             "
 "            , 
      :
1.    
 : PNS       ,   
               
2.   :      ,  
   ,          
3.     :     ,  
,     ,       
              
4.    :       ,  PNS 
     ,        
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Easy2Siksha
5.      :    
     ,       
6.   
 :      ,   

            
7.  
 :   ,        
            
   
        ,   
   .        ,  
              
 ,         ,    
     ,    ,    
        ,         ,
      ,     ,     
ANS    
      ,       
             
      
:        
     ,  ,       
         
:     '     
            
 
    '    ,   (  SNS  PNS)
'      
    
          ,     
           :
1.  :       ANS    
          ,    
 ,  ,        
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2.     (POTS):       
  ,            '  
      
3.    (MSA):    ANS     
  ,   ,        


            
                 ,
   ,         
            ,  
          
        ,        
           ,      
         ANS       , 
        ,      
     
-
5.          
:     
               -  
     ,         
  
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   
 
              
              :
1. : ,      
2. :       ,       
  
3. :   ,   
         
    
4. : , -          
   '   
5. :         ,  
       
6. :   .         
  ,      
7. :            
()   ()  
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Easy2Siksha
   
1. 
          ,      
      ,       (  )   
 '          
    
      
2.  
   ,             
               
   ,          
3.
             '   
    (   )       
  ,      ;   ,     
4.   
             
         :
  ,         
  ,        
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5.  
               
         ,     
6.  
     ,    ,     
               
7. 
      , -        
    -   :
             
     
              
  
     ,          
     
   
8.  
               
   ,          
    ,         
9. 
        ,         
          
10. 
   ,              
       ,      
    :  
        :
1.      :      ,   
      ()  
2.       :      
         
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3.    :   '   ,  
      
4.    :     ,    (
 )      
5.     :         
  
6.      :      
  ,   
     ""  
    
:         '   
 :           
:  '   ,   
 -   
  :         
 :           
 :            
 
:        
 :      
:      
: ,      
   
1.  (-):       
 
       
2.  ():     ,   
    
       
3. :        ,   
   
 
4. :   ,       
5. :          

 ,       
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  
       ,        
               :
1. :  .
2. :    
3.   :          
4. :    .
5.  :         
 ,        ,       
          ,        
                
        
  ,      
         
6.           
:   :
      :
(i)  ,
(ii)   
(iii)  
1.  :
   ,    ()      
(i) :
               
         '        
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                
      -   
(ii)   :
                
     ()   '    (
)    ( )        
        
  -  (  )   
      
(iii)   ():
            -,
  ,             
              
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2.  :
     :
(i)     ,   ( ) 
 
  ,               
  
(ii)                -
 (   ),  (  )   (  ) 
            
       ,        (
)              , ,
              
(iii)   ,         
,              
(iv)                  
 (a)   ( )        ()   (
)
             
             
     
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   :
(i)           ,     ,
,                  
         ,
(ii)      
          ,
(iii)          20        
      
  
(iv)        
    
3.  :
                  
       ,        
      , , ,    
 
(i)   :
  - ducts ; ,     -  
        -       
  -    '            
     -     '   , 
      '    
         ,          ,
         '       ' 
        '  ,      
     
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(ii) Utricle, Endolymphaticus  Sacule:
          -    
               
       ,        
  
endolymphaticus.       ,       
            
   
     ,      ,   
            
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       
(iii) :
                 
                 
          
  '         ,   , 
 ,     ( )      
              
          '   , 
      
                
    
 ,        '    
             ,  
,   ,          ,   
  
       ,    ,    ,    ,
  ,   (  ),         
              ,    
       ,         
             
        
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  :
    ()    
1.   :
                
               , 
               
      ,       
             

        ,       
       
            
 (
    )            
(  )
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                 
               
     ,         
     
          
    
            
     
2. :
- ,        ()   
                  
      
   
          
          ,     
    ()  
i.   :
    ( )      
ii.  :
           '         
   
                 
               
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     ,         
     
          
    
            
     
2. :
- ,        ()   
                  
      
   
          
          ,     
    ()  
i.   :
    ( )      
ii.  :
           '         
   
-
7.     ,      
:     
  ,          ,  
   ,  ,         
                
        
  ,     , -   
  
 
            ,  
     ()        
  
  ,          
    
    ,        

,        (    ) '  
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    
1. :
o                
       
o  ,   
        
        
2. :
o       ,   '       
" "   
o  '           -  


3. ,     :
o    ,  (),  ( ),   (    
)        
o         ,     

4. -  :
o      
  
   ,  x- 
          
     
   (   )  ,     
 
5.    :
o      
 ,         
-           
 ,   ,   ,     
    
1.       1:
o            
 ,
     1 ( 100%)  
o                
      
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2. 68-95-99.7 :
o  ,       ,       
    
68%         
 
95%       
 
99.7%       
 
o               
     
3.  :
o   (SD)            
 ,        
o              
  ,            
       ,      
o   ,         
         
4.   :
o    0    ,    
 ; 
  
o      ""        3 
  ,   (  )   
5. Z-:
o  Z-               
  
o    , Z-  -        
       
o  ,    2       
  ,   Z- +2  0  Z-     
  ' 
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      
1.  :
o       ( , ,   ,
  )            -
   ,        
 
o  , IQ    ' 100    15    
       68%   IQ 85  115   
2.    :
o           
o       ,       
              
  
o  ,    ,     Z- 
               

3.   :
o           
      
o  ,   ,      
            
  (, 2    ),        
 
4.  :
o        ,   
          
      '   
o     ( , -, ANOVA)     
             ,  
        
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5.   :
o           
         
    
o          
              
    
   
1.  :
o - ,         , ,  
         
o            
   , 
         

2.  :
o   ,        ,   
         ,    
           
 
3.
4. :
o  ,           
           
    ,         
     

        ,     
   
    ,  ,    
     ,         

              
  ,   -       
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8.              ' 1    
  14         - 13    
  
:   :
                14   
 1         " "       
:
1.  :  ,    -   
   
  
 ,      ()  - 
    
            
  ,             
2.  (μ):          ,   
14  ,        14   , 
     
3.   (σ):            
          -   , 
               , 
 1  ,       ' 14      1
  
,         - 13       

        13          
 1:  Z-  
   , 
Z-       Z-    
       (  , 13 )  ,     
 
Z-      :
Z=X−Z = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}Z=σ−μ
:
Z Z- 
X     (   13 )
μ\mu   (14 )
σ\    (1 )
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   :
Z=13−141=−11=−1Z = \frac{13 - 14}{1} = \frac{-1}{1} = -1Z=113−14=1−1=−1
Z- -1      13  14      1   
 2:    Z-   
       Z-     Z-   
  ( Z-    )      ,    Z-
      
1. 0   Z-      (50%       50% 
)
2. -1   Z-        (  , Z-   
   )
- 13          ,    
:
1.      13      ( Z = -1  Z-  
 )
2.  1  , 
 
      - 13  
 Z-  -1  Z-  ,   0.1587     
   15.87%     13    

 
      - 13  , 
 1  
 :
P( - 13   )=1−0.1587=0.8413P(\text{ - 13   }) = 1
- 0.1587 = 0.8413P( - 13   )=1−0.1587=0.8413
 ,   - 13     0.8413  84.13% 
 3:  
  ,              ' 14   
 1           - 13    
84.13% ,     (100  84)        - 13
 
     
           
,   13             14
   ,       13    
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   
 
    -     '   ,   
        '        
 ,  , ,        , 
          ,     
   
 ,     -     , 
   ,   ,         
              '   ,
     -       
    
   
Z-            '  
    ' ,         
      
       ,         
        ,      "
 ",   .   "   ",   
         ,     
         '   
  
       Z-   '     
     (CDF)             
           

 ,      - 13      84.13%    
 (13 ) Z-             
             - 
       -  -   
 '   ,   , - ,   
       
:      Ai      ( )      
         , 
  '        
